source: branches/numpy/anuga/utilities/numerical_tools.py @ 6982

Last change on this file since 6982 was 6462, checked in by rwilson, 16 years ago

Removed attempt to raise exception is a string is passed. It wasn't a useful or complete test.

File size: 10.1 KB
Line 
1#!/usr/bin/env python
2"""Auxiliary numerical tools
3
4"""
5
6from math import acos, pi, sqrt
7from warnings import warn
8
9import numpy as num
10
11NAN = (num.array([1])/0.)[0]
12# if we use a package that has NAN, this should be updated to use NAN.
13
14# Static variable used by get_machine_precision
15machine_precision = None
16
17
18def safe_acos(x):
19    """Safely compute acos
20
21    Protect against cases where input argument x is outside the allowed
22    interval [-1.0, 1.0] by no more than machine precision
23    """
24
25    error_msg = 'Input to acos is outside allowed domain [-1.0, 1.0].'+\
26                'I got %.12f' %x
27    warning_msg = 'Changing argument to acos from %.18f to %.1f' %(x, sign(x))
28
29    eps = get_machine_precision() # Machine precision
30    if x < -1.0:
31        if x < -1.0 - eps:
32            raise ValueError, errmsg
33        else:
34            warn(warning_msg)
35            x = -1.0
36
37    if x > 1.0:
38        if x > 1.0 + eps:
39            raise ValueError, errmsg
40        else:
41            print 'NOTE: changing argument to acos from %.18f to 1.0' %x
42            x = 1.0
43
44    return acos(x)
45
46
47def sign(x):
48    if x > 0: return 1
49    if x < 0: return -1
50    if x == 0: return 0   
51
52
53def is_scalar(x):
54    """True if x is a scalar (constant numeric value)
55    """
56
57    from types import IntType, FloatType
58    if type(x) in [IntType, FloatType]:
59        return True
60    else:
61        return False
62
63def angle(v1, v2=None):
64    """Compute angle between 2D vectors v1 and v2.
65   
66    If v2 is not specified it will default
67    to e1 (the unit vector in the x-direction)
68
69    The angle is measured as a number in [0, 2pi] from v2 to v1.
70    """
71 
72    # Prepare two numeric vectors
73    if v2 is None:
74        v2 = [1.0, 0.0] # Unit vector along the x-axis
75       
76    v1 = ensure_numeric(v1, num.float)
77    v2 = ensure_numeric(v2, num.float)   
78   
79    # Normalise
80    v1 = v1/num.sqrt(num.sum(v1**2))
81    v2 = v2/num.sqrt(num.sum(v2**2))
82
83    # Compute angle
84    p = num.inner(v1, v2)
85    c = num.inner(v1, normal_vector(v2)) # Projection onto normal
86                                            # (negative cross product)
87       
88    theta = safe_acos(p)
89           
90   
91    # Correct if v1 is in quadrant 3 or 4 with respect to v2 (as the x-axis)
92    # If v2 was the unit vector [1,0] this would correspond to the test
93    # if v1[1] < 0: theta = 2*pi-theta   
94    # In general we use the sign of the projection onto the normal.
95    if c < 0: 
96       #Quadrant 3 or 4
97       theta = 2*pi-theta       
98       
99    return theta
100
101   
102def anglediff(v0, v1):
103    """Compute difference between angle of vector v0 (x0, y0) and v1 (x1, y1).
104    This is used for determining the ordering of vertices,
105    e.g. for checking if they are counter clockwise.
106
107    Always return a positive value
108    """
109
110    from math import pi
111
112    a0 = angle(v0)
113    a1 = angle(v1)
114
115    #Ensure that difference will be positive
116    if a0 < a1:
117        a0 += 2*pi
118
119    return a0-a1
120
121def normal_vector(v):
122    """Normal vector to v.
123
124    Returns vector 90 degrees counter clockwise to and of same length as v
125    """
126   
127    return num.array([-v[1], v[0]], num.float)
128
129   
130#def crossproduct_length(v1, v2):
131#    return v1[0]*v2[1]-v2[0]*v1[1]
132   
133       
134def mean(x):
135    """Mean value of a vector
136    """
137    return(float(num.sum(x))/len(x))
138
139
140def cov(x, y=None):
141    """Covariance of vectors x and y.
142
143    If y is None: return cov(x, x)
144    """
145   
146    if y is None:
147        y = x
148
149    x = ensure_numeric(x)
150    y = ensure_numeric(y)
151    msg = 'Lengths must be equal: len(x) == %d, len(y) == %d' %(len(x), len(y))
152    assert(len(x)==len(y)), msg
153
154    N = len(x) 
155    cx = x - mean(x) 
156    cy = y - mean(y) 
157
158    p = num.inner(cx,cy)/N
159    return(p)
160
161
162def err(x, y=0, n=2, relative=True):
163    """Relative error of ||x-y|| to ||y||
164       n = 2:    Two norm
165       n = None: Max norm
166
167       If denominator evaluates to zero or
168       if y is omitted or
169       if keyword relative is False,
170       absolute error is returned
171
172       If there is x and y, n=2 and relative=False, this will calc;
173       sqrt(sum_over_x&y((xi - yi)^2))
174
175       Given this value (err), to calc the root mean square deviation, do
176       err/sqrt(n)
177       where n is the number of elements,(len(x))
178    """
179
180    x = ensure_numeric(x)
181    if y:
182        y = ensure_numeric(y)       
183
184    if n == 2:
185        err = norm(x-y)
186        if relative is True:
187            try:
188                err = err/norm(y)
189            except:
190                pass
191
192    else:
193        err = max(abs(x-y))
194        if relative is True:
195            try:
196                err = err/max(abs(y))   
197            except:
198                pass
199         
200    return err
201 
202
203def norm(x):
204    """2-norm of x
205    """
206 
207    y = num.ravel(x)
208    p = num.sqrt(num.inner(y,y))
209    return p
210   
211 
212def corr(x, y=None):
213    """Correlation of x and y
214    If y is None return autocorrelation of x
215    """
216
217    from math import sqrt
218    if y is None:
219        y = x
220
221    varx = cov(x)
222    vary = cov(y)
223
224    if varx == 0 or vary == 0:
225        C = 0
226    else: 
227        C = cov(x,y)/sqrt(varx * vary)   
228
229    return(C)
230
231
232
233##
234# @brief Ensure that a sequence is a numeric array of the required type.
235# @param A The sequence object to convert to a numeric array.
236# @param typecode The required numeric type of object A (a numeric dtype).
237# @return A numeric array of the required type.
238def ensure_numeric(A, typecode=None):
239    """Ensure that sequence is a numeric array.
240    Inputs:
241        A: Sequence. If A is already a numeric array it will be returned
242                     unaltered
243                     If not, an attempt is made to convert it to a numeric
244                     array
245        A: Scalar.   Return 0-dimensional array containing that value. Note
246                     that a 0-dim array DOES NOT HAVE A LENGTH UNDER numpy.
247        A: String.   Array of ASCII values (numpy can't handle this)
248
249        typecode:    numeric type. If specified, use this in the conversion.
250                     If not, let numeric package decide.
251                     typecode will always be one of num.float, num.int, etc.
252
253    Note that num.array(A, dtype) will sometimes copy.  Use 'copy=False' to
254    copy only when required.
255
256    This function is necessary as array(A) can cause memory overflow.
257    """
258
259#    if isinstance(A, basestring):
260#        msg = 'Sorry, cannot handle strings in ensure_numeric()'
261#        raise Exception, msg
262
263    if typecode is None:
264        if isinstance(A, num.ndarray):
265            return A
266        else:
267            return num.array(A)
268    else:
269        return num.array(A, dtype=typecode, copy=False)
270
271
272def histogram(a, bins, relative=False):
273    """Standard histogram straight from the numeric manual
274
275    If relative is True, values will be normalised againts the total and
276    thus represent frequencies rather than counts.
277    """
278
279    n = num.searchsorted(num.sort(a), bins)
280    n = num.concatenate([n, [len(a)]], axis=0)    #??default#
281
282    hist = n[1:]-n[:-1]
283
284    if relative is True:
285        hist = hist/float(num.sum(hist))
286       
287    return hist
288
289def create_bins(data, number_of_bins = None):
290    """Safely create bins for use with histogram
291    If data contains only one point or is constant, one bin will be created.
292    If number_of_bins in omitted 10 bins will be created
293    """
294
295    mx = max(data)
296    mn = min(data)
297
298    if mx == mn:
299        bins = num.array([mn])
300    else:
301        if number_of_bins is None:
302            number_of_bins = 10
303           
304        bins = num.arange(mn, mx, (mx-mn)/number_of_bins)
305
306    return bins
307   
308
309
310def get_machine_precision():
311    """Calculate the machine precision for Floats
312
313    Depends on static variable machine_precision in this module
314    as this would otherwise require too much computation.
315    """
316
317    global machine_precision
318   
319    if machine_precision is None:
320        epsilon = 1.
321        while epsilon/2 + 1. > 1.:
322            epsilon /= 2
323
324        machine_precision = epsilon
325
326    return machine_precision   
327
328####################################################################
329#Python versions of function that are also implemented in numerical_tools_ext.c
330# FIXME (Ole): Delete these and update tests
331#
332
333def gradient_python(x0, y0, x1, y1, x2, y2, q0, q1, q2):
334    """
335    """
336
337    det = (y2-y0)*(x1-x0) - (y1-y0)*(x2-x0)
338    a = (y2-y0)*(q1-q0) - (y1-y0)*(q2-q0)
339    a /= det
340
341    b = (x1-x0)*(q2-q0) - (x2-x0)*(q1-q0)
342    b /= det
343
344    return a, b
345
346
347def gradient2_python(x0, y0, x1, y1, q0, q1):
348    """Compute radient based on two points and enforce zero gradient
349    in the direction orthogonal to (x1-x0), (y1-y0)
350    """
351
352    #Old code
353    #det = x0*y1 - x1*y0
354    #if det != 0.0:
355    #    a = (y1*q0 - y0*q1)/det
356    #    b = (x0*q1 - x1*q0)/det
357
358    #Correct code (ON)
359    det = (x1-x0)**2 + (y1-y0)**2
360    if det != 0.0:
361        a = (x1-x0)*(q1-q0)/det
362        b = (y1-y0)*(q1-q0)/det
363       
364    return a, b       
365
366################################################################################
367# Decision functions for numeric package objects.
368# It is a little tricky to decide if a numpy thing is of type float.
369# These functions hide numpy-specific details of how we do this.
370################################################################################
371
372##
373# @brief Decide if an object is a numeric package object with datatype of float.
374# @param obj The object to decide on.
375# @return True if 'obj' is a numeric package object, and some sort of float.
376def is_num_float(obj):
377    '''Is an object a numeric package float object?'''
378
379    try:
380        return obj.dtype.char in num.typecodes['Float']
381    except AttributeError:
382        return False
383
384##
385# @brief Decide if an object is a numeric package object with datatype of int.
386# @param obj The object to decide on.
387# @return True if 'obj' is a numeric package object, and some sort of int.
388def is_num_int(obj):
389    '''Is an object a numeric package int object?'''
390
391    try:
392        return obj.dtype.char in num.typecodes['Integer']
393    except AttributeError:
394        return False
395
396
397#-----------------
398#Initialise module
399
400from anuga.utilities import compile
401if compile.can_use_C_extension('util_ext.c'):
402    from util_ext import gradient, gradient2
403else:
404    gradient = gradient_python
405    gradient2 = gradient2_python   
406
407
408if __name__ == '__main__':
409    pass
410
411   
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