Changeset 3477


Ignore:
Timestamp:
Aug 9, 2006, 4:10:32 PM (19 years ago)
Author:
sexton
Message:

(1) updates to Onslow and Pt Hedland reports and (2) introduction of broome scenario

Location:
production
Files:
3 added
11 edited

Legend:

Unmodified
Added
Removed

  • production/onslow_2006/make_report.py

    r3396 r3477  
    237237fid.write(s)
    238238
    239 s = '\\begin{figure}[hbt] \n \centerline{ \includegraphics[width=150mm, height=100mm]{../report_figures/%s}}' %gauge_map
     239s = '\\begin{figure}[hbt] \n \centerline{ \includegraphics[width=\paperwidth]{../report_figures/%s}}' %gauge_map
    240240fid.write(s)
    241241

  • production/onslow_2006/report/acknowledgements.tex

    r3361 r3477  
    1010for nominated areas and ably assisting in queries regarding bathymetric data
    1111\item The WA DLI in their assistance in supplying the onshore 20m DEM for use in this project
    12 \item The National Mapping Division, in particular Hamish Anderson, for sourcing onshore
     12\item The National Mapping and Information Group, in particular Hamish Anderson, for sourcing onshore
    1313data for the FESA project and building a DEM
    1414suitable for purposes of inundation modelling
    … …  
    2222\item The engineering section in RAMP for calculating the damage estimates,
    2323and finally
    24 \item FESA, for providing a range of support to the project.
     24\item FESA, for providing strong support to the project.
    2525\end{itemize}

  • production/onslow_2006/report/damage.tex

    r3404 r3477  
    4343and the injury categories are presented in Table \ref{table:injury}.
    4444Input data comprised of resident population data at census
    45 district level derived from the ABS 2001 Census. Give the exposure database is
     45district level derived from the ABS 2001 Census. Given the exposure database is
    4646based on residential structures, we assume that the
    4747population are at home and sleeping when the event occurs and that there is no

  • production/onslow_2006/report/interpretation.tex

    r3407 r3477  
    33We have
    44chosen a number of locations to illustrate the features
    5 of the tsunami as it approaches Onslow and runs ashore.
    6 These locations have be chosen as we believe they would
     5of the tsunami as it approaches and impacts Onslow.
     6These locations have been chosen as we believe they would
    77either be critical
    88in an emergency situation, (e.g. the hospital and power station) or

  • production/onslow_2006/report/modelling_methodology.tex

    r3402 r3477  
    8282inundation model presented in Section \ref{sec:anuga}.
    8383
    84 \begin{figure}[hbt]
     84\begin{figure}[h]
    8585
    8686  \centerline{ \includegraphics[width=140mm, height=100mm]

  • production/onslow_2006/report/references.tex

    r3407 r3477  
    33\bibitem{CB:ausgeo} Cummins, P. and Burbidge, D. (2004)
    44Small threat, but warning sounded for tsunami research. AusGeo News 75, 4-7.
     5
     6\bibitem{BC:FESA} Burbidge, D. and Cummins, P. (2005) Preliminary Tsuanmi
     7Hazard Assesment of Western Australia. Report
     8to the Fire and Emergency Services Authority of Western Australia.
    59
    610\bibitem{VT:MOST} Titov, V.V., and F.I. Gonzalez (1997)
    … …  
    1721Sisano Lagoon, Papua New Guinea.
    1822Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 23, 3513-3516.
    19 
    20 \bibitem{BC:FESA} Burbidge, D. and Cummins, P. (2005) Preliminary Tsuanmi
    21 Hazard Assesment of Western Australia. Report
    22 to the Fire and Emergency Services Authority of Western Australia.
    2323
    2424\bibitem{ON:modsim} Nielsen, O., Roberts, Gray, D., McPherson, A. and

  • production/pt_hedland_2006/project.py

    r3366 r3477  
    7272
    7373gauge_filename = gaugedir + 'gauge_location_port_hedland.csv'
     74gauge_checking = gaugedir + 'gauge_checking_test.csv'
    7475buildings_filename = gaugedir + 'pt_hedland_res.csv'
    7576buildings_filename_out = 'pt_hedland_res_modified.csv'

  • production/pt_hedland_2006/report/damage.tex

    r3380 r3477  
    1111residential collapse vulnerability models and casualty models were developed.
    1212The vulnerability models have been developed for
    13 framed residential construction using data from the Indian Ocean tsunami event. The models predict the collapse
     13framed residential construction based on limited data found in the literature
     14as well as observations from the Indian Ocean tsunami event.
     15The models predict the collapse
    1416probability for an exposed population and incorporates the following
    1517parameters known to influence building damage \cite{papathoma:vulnerability},
    … …  
    4143and the injury categories are presented in Table \ref{table:injury}.
    4244Input data comprised of resident population data at census
    43 district level derived from the ABS 2001 Census.
     45district level derived from the ABS 2001 Census. Given the exposure database is
     46based on residential structures, we assume that the
     47population are at home and sleeping when the event occurs and that there is no
     48warning. Therefore, the casualty estimates would be significantly different
     49if the event were to occur during the day when people are at work, travelling
     50in a vehicle, spending time on the beach, for example, or if the event occurred
     51during a major holiday season.
    4452
    4553South Hedland is not exposed to inundation in this
    46 scenario, we therefore restrict the damage modelling to a smaller section of the NBED.
    47 For the damage modelling, there
     54scenario, therefore we restrict the damage modelling to a smaller section of the NBED.
     55For the damage modellin, there
    4856are an estimated 3700 residential structures and a population of approximately
    495711500\footnote{Population is determined by census data and the 1999
    5058ABS housing survey}.
    51 The damage to the residential structures in this section of the Port Hedland community
    52 is summarised in Table \ref{table:damageoutput}. The percentage
    53 of repair cost to structural value shown is based on the total structural value
    54 of \$M. Likewise, the percentage of contents loss shown is
    55 based on the total contents value of \$M for
    56 the region.
    57 %The injuries sustained is summarised in Table \ref{table:injuries}.
    58 The HAT scenario is the only scenario to cause damage
    59 to Port Hedland with around \% of the population affected.
    60 
    61 \begin{table}[h]
    62 \begin{center}
    63 \caption{Residential damage sustained for the MSL, HAT and LAT scenarios.}
    64 \label{table:damageoutput}
    65 \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline
    66 &Houses  & Houses  & Structural & Repair Cost \% & Contents & Contents Loss \% \\
    67 &Inundated & Collapsed & Repair Cost
    68 & of Total Value & Losses & of Total Value \\ \hline
    69 %MSL & & 1 & \$ &   \% & \$ &  \% \\ \hline
    70 HAT & &\$M & &\$M & & \\ \hline
    71 %LAT & & & & & & \\ \hline
    72 \end{tabular}
    73 \end{center}
    74 \end{table}
    75 
    76 %\begin{table}[h]
    77 %\begin{center}
    78 %\caption{Injuries sustained for the MSL, HAT and LAT scenarios.}
    79 %\label{table:injuries}
    80 %\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline
    81 %&Minor & Moderate & Serious & Fatal \\ \hline
    82 %MSL & &  &  & \\ \hline
    83 %HAT & & & & \\ \hline
    84 %LAT & & & & \\ \hline
    85 %\end{tabular}
    86 %\end{center}
    87 %\end{table}
     59HAT is the only scenario in which damage occurs, and it is restricted to one residential
     60structure\footnote{The structure is classed as agricultural.} with no injuries sustained. 
    8861
    8962Tsunami impact on indigeneous communities should be considered
    90 especially as a number of communities exist in coastal regions of north west WA.
     63in the future as a number of communities exist in coastal regions of north west WA.
    9164These communities are typically not included in national residential databases
    92 and would be therefore overlooked in damage model estimates.
     65and would therefore be overlooked in damage model estimates.
     66There are four indigeneous communities located in this study area; Tjalkli Warra, Jinparinya,
     67Punju Ngarugundi Njamal and Tjalka Boorda\footnote{get a reference from Anita}.
     68Tjalka Boorda is located the closest to the headland and remains free of inundation
     69for each scenario.
    9370
    94 There are four indigeneous communities located in this study areal Tjalkli Warra, Jinparinya,
    95 Punju Ngarugundi Njamal and Tjalka Boorda.
    96 Tjalka Boorda is located in a potentially vulnerable
    97 position
    98 (on the headland) whose population is not registered
    99 \footnote{get a reference from Anita}.
    10071%The community is not affected for any of the scenarios (see Figure
    10172%\ref{fig:gaugeTjalkaBoordaAboriginalReserve}).

  • production/pt_hedland_2006/report/execsum.tex

    r3394 r3477  
    1111threat and develop detailed response plans for a range of plausible events.
    1212
    13 This report describes the modelling methodology and first results
    14 for a particular tsunami-genic event as it impacts the Port Hedland township
    15 and its surrounds. Future studies
     13This report describes the modelling methodology and initial results
     14for a specific tsunami-genic event as it impacts the Port Hedland township
     15and its surrounds. In particular, maximum inundation maps are shown
     16and discussed for the event occurring at mean sea level as well as highest and lowest astronomical tide.
     17The inundation results allow estimation of the number of houses inundated and collapsed, as well as
     18the numbers of persons affected.
     19For this specific event at high tide, 1 house is inundated and there are no injuries.
     20
     21Future studies
    1622will present a series of scenarios for a range of return periods to
    17 assist FESA in developing appropriate plans for a range of event impacts.
     23assist FESA in developing appropriate plans for a range of event impacts.
     24This will also allow an assessment of the relative tsunami risk
     25to communities along the NW Shelf of WA.
    1826This report and the decision support tool are the
    19 June 2006 deliverables of the Collaborative Research Agreement
    20 between FESA and GA.
     27June 2006 deliverables of the Collaborative Research Agreement,
     28Tsunami Impact Modelling for WA, between FESA and GA.
    2129
     30

  • production/pt_hedland_2006/report/interpretation.tex

    r3380 r3477  
    11The main features of the
    2 tsunami wave and resultant impact ashore is described in this section.
     2tsunami wave and resultant inundation ashore is described in this section.
    33We have
    4 chosen a number of locations which we believe would be critical
    5 in an emergency situation, such as the hospital and power station; or
    6 effect recovery efforts, such as the airport and docks. These locations
     4chosen a number of locations to illustrate the features
     5of the tsunami as it approaches and impacts Port Hedland.
     6These locations have been chosen as we believe they would
     7either be critical
     8in an emergency situation, (e.g. the hospital) or
     9effect recovery efforts, (e.g. the airport and wharfs). These locations
    710are described in Table \ref{table:locations} and shown in
    8 Figure \ref{fig:points}. The water's stage and speed are shown
     11Figure \ref{fig:points}. The water's stage and speed
     12at each of these locations are shown
    913as a function of time in the series of graphs shown in
    10 Appendix \ref{sec:timeseries}. Stage is defined as the absolute
    11 water level relative to AHD. Both stage and speed are shown
     14Appendix \ref{sec:timeseries}. It is assumed that the earthquake is
     15generated at the beginning of the simulation, i.e. time = 0 minutes.
     16Stage is defined as the absolute
     17water level (in metres) relative to AHD
     18\footnote{For an offshore location such as Middle Channel,
     19the initial water level will be that of the tidal scenario. In the
     20case of MSL, this water level will be 0. As the tsunami wave moves
     21through this point, the water height may grow and thus the stage will
     22represent the amplitude of the wave. For an onshore location such as the
     23Hospital, the actual water depth will be the difference between
     24the stage and the elevation at that point. Therefore, at the beginning
     25of the simulation, there will be no water onshore and therefore
     26the stage and the elevation will be identical.}. Both stage and speed
     27(in metres/second) for
     28each scenario (HAT, MSL and LAT) are shown
    1229on consistent scales to allow comparison between point locations.
    13 %The graphs show these time series for
    14 %the three cases; 1.5m AHD, 0m AHD and -1.5m AHD so that comparisons can
    15 %be made.
    1630As a useful benchmark, Table \ref{table:speedexamples}
    17 describes typical examples for a range of velocities found in the
     31describes typical examples for a range of speeds found in the
    1832simulations.
    1933
    20 \begin{table}
     34\begin{table}[h]
     35\label{table:speedexamples}
     36\caption{Examples of a range of velocities.}
    2137\begin{center}
    22 \caption{Examples of a range of velocities.}
    23 \label{table:speedexamples}
    2438\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}\hline
    2539{\bf Velocity (m/s)} & {\bf Example} \\ \hline
    … …  
    3650\end{table}
    3751
    38 {\bf this needs to reflect what happens for port hedland}
     52A tsunami wave typically has a small amplitude and typically travels at
     53100's of kilometres per hour.
     54The low amplitude complicates the ability to detect
     55the wave. As the water depth decreases,
     56the speed of the wave
     57decreases and the amplitude grows. Another important feature of tsunamis
     58is drawdown. This means that the water is seen to retreat from the beaches
     59before a tsunami wave
     60impacts that location. Other features
     61include reflections (where the wave is redirected due to the
     62influence
     63of the coast) and shoaling (where the wave's amplitude is amplified
     64close to the coast due to wave interactions).
     65These features are seen in the MSL scenario;
     66there is a small wave, followed
     67by a large drawdown and then a large secondary wave.
     68There are variations in the behaviour for the
     69HAT and LAT scenarios, and these will be explained below.
     70 
     71The features described above will be
     72illustrated for the MSL case by the Middel Channel location,
     73Figure \ref{fig:gaugeMiddleChannel}.
     74The first, small wave can be seen at around 230 mins (shown in red),
     75with an amplitude of around 0.3 m\footnote{In this
     76scenario, the initial water level is 0 m, which means that
     77the actual amplitude is the difference between the stage value
     78and the initial water level; 0.3 - 0}.
     79The drawdown of around 2.6 m (i.e. 0.27 - -2.37) then occurs at around 270 mins
     80(i.e. 4.5 hours after the event has been generated), before
     81the second wave arrives at around 280 mins
     82with an amplitude of around 1.8 m (i.e. 1.8 - 0). Subsequent waves
     83are evident with decreased amplitudes.
     84These features are replicated at each of the offshore points (those
     85points with negative elevation as shown in Table \ref{table:locations}).
     86The speed of the tsunami wave is greatest for those locations
     87in shallowest water. Middle Channel is in shallower water
     88than Mt Goldworthy Wharf - Berth
     89and the maximum speeds measured are 1.93 m/s and 2.9 m/s respectively.
    3990
    40 Examining the offshore locations shown in Appendix
    41 \ref{sec:timeseries}, the drawdown prior to the tsunami wave
    42 arriving at the shore can be seen to occur around 230 mins 
    43 (3.8 hours) after the tsunami is generated.
    44 Prior to the drawdown, maximum amplitudes are approximately 50cm at
    45 West of Groyne (Figure ) and
    46 the mouth of Beadon Creek
    47 (Figure ), for example.
    48 The first wave
    49 after the drawdown ranges from approximately 2m in the
    50 west of Beadon Bay (Figure )
    51 to over 3m in the mouth of Beadon Creek
    52 (Figure ).
    53 The speed
    54 sharply increases at drawdown with further increases as the
    55 wave grows in amplitude.
    56 There is an increased amplitude of approximately 4m found in
    57 east of Beadon Bay for the secondary wave, as opposed to the first wave.
    58 This feature is also evident at the West of Groyne location but
    59 with decreased amplitude.
    60 This may be due to the geography of the bay, including the groyne west of
    61 the creek mouth opening, the local bathymetry
    62 and the direction of the tsunami wave.
     91There are variations in these behaviours for the HAT and LAT scenarios.
     92Referring again to the Middle Channel location (Figure
     93\ref{fig:gaugeMiddleChannel}),
    6394
    64 The maximum speed found for the offshore locations occur at the West of
    65 Groyne location (Figure ).
    66 The speeds at west and east of Beadon Bay are quite similar
    67 (Figure and Figure ).
    68 However, there are increased amplitudes (from drawdown to maximum
    69 amplitude), in the eastern location which is in shallower water than the western
    70 location.
    71 Subsequent drawdowns are seen as the multitude of waves which make up the
    72 event propagate towards the shore.
     95{\bf stuff to write in here about the HAT, LAT scenarios }
    7396
    74 %At some gauge locations, these
    75 %subsequent waves cause significantly increased inundation than that of
    76 %the first wave. This is particularly seen at the Beadon Creek Docks,
    77 %West of Groyne and Beadon Creek locations.
     97The geography of the Port Hedland area has played a role in offering
     98some protection to the Port Hedland community. The tsunami wave is
     99travelling from the north west of the area. The opening of the channel faces
     100northeast and it is
     101offered some protection from the headland to its west. The tsunami wave impacts
     102the headland east of the channel, with the north facing finger playing a role
     103in the behaviour of the tsunami wave. There are a number of reflections
     104occurring around the headland to the east of the channel, with the reflections
     105not able to breach the finger. Inundation is evident on the finger which has
     106resulted from reflections from the headland rather than the incoming tsunami
     107wave.
     108Shoaling is also observed in this region
     109as a result of subsequent waves and reflections resulting from impact in
     110the region past the east of the headland.
    78111
    79 It is evident that the sand dunes west of
    80 Port Hedland are very effective in halting the tsunami wave,
    81 see Figure \ref{fig:MSL_max_inundation}.
    82 There is inundation between the western sand dunes at high
    83 tide, Figure \ref{fig:HAT_max_inundation}, however, this water
    84 penetrates from the north east (via
    85 Port Hedland town centre) rather than seaward. (The DEM indicates that
    86 this area is under 1.5m AHD which is automatically deemed to be inundated
    87 at HAT.)
    88 The same feature is evident for the sand dunes east of Port Hedland.
    89 Currently, we do not model changes
    90 to the bathymetry or topography due to effects of the water flow.
    91 Therefore, we do not know whether these sand dunes would withstand the
    92 transmitted energy of the tsunami wave.
    93 The tsunami wave penetrates the river east of Port Hedland with a wave height
    94 over 2m at the mouth
    95 (Figure )
    96 and inundation
    97 exceeding 1m found at the Beadon Creek south of dock location (Figure
    98 ).
    99 The wave penetrates the river east of Port Hedland with increasingly
    100 greater inundation between the -1.5m AHD and 1.5m AHD simulations.
     112The tsunami wave has an amplitude of around 0.3 m for the MSL
     113scenario as it enters the
     114channel (Figure \ref{fig:gaugeMiddleChannel}. There seems to be
     115limited or no amplification of the tsunami wave as it moves into
     116the channel. The amplitude of the first tsunami wave is around 0.3 m at
     117the Mt Goldworthy Wharf - Berth location (shown in red in Figure
     118\ref{fig:gaugeMtGoldworthyWharf-Berth} and the maximum amplitude
     119is around 1.7 m. At MSL and LAT, there is limited inundation in the
     120areas surrounding the channel. At HAT, significantly increased
     121inundation is evident surrounding the channel, however, this inundation
     122is essentially caught in the tidal flat regions.
    101123
    102 As expected, there is greater inundation at 1.5m AHD. The major road
    103 into Port Hedland, the ? Rd, remains free of inundation for
    104 all simulations with a small amount of inundation evident at HAT at
    105 the intersection with Beadon Creek Rd. Beadon Creek Rd services the wharf in the
    106 river which becomes increasingly inundated as the initial condition
    107 changes from 0m AHD to 3.9m AHD. Only the
    108 entry to the wharf on Beadon Creek Rd is sufficiently inundated to
    109 stop traffic at -3.6m AHD.
    110 At 1.5m AHD however, essentially the entire road would be impassable.
    111 
    112 There is significant inundation of at
    113 least 2m on the foreshore of Onslow for 0m AHD and 3.6m AHD.
    114 The inundation extent increases as the initial condition increases above 0m AHD,
    115 reaching the southern boundaries of
    116 the road infrastructure in the Port Hedland town centre.
     124As expected, there is greater inundation for the HAT scenario with increased
     125extent, with minimal inundation found at the locations chosen.
     126The major road from the south,
     127the Great Northern Highway, remains free of inundation for all tidal
     128scenarios. At HAT, the road feeding off the highway, Anderson Street,
     129suffers inundation in the tidal flat region. The inundation would
     130be enough to halt usage of the road.
     131The road servicing Finucane Station remains
     132free of inundation, however there is a small section of the railway which
     133receives under 0.2 m of water. Likewise, there
     134is inundation on a section of the railway which services Port Hedland Station.
     135There is not enough information regarding
     136the railway structure to determine whether it would halt its usage (i.e. how
     137high has it been built). The airport remains
     138free of inundation for each tidal scenario. Section \ref{sec:impact}
     139details the impact estimates to the residential infrastructure.

  • production/pt_hedland_2006/report/references.tex

    r3364 r3477  
    1 
    2 
    31\begin{thebibliography}{99}
    42
    … …  
    64Small threat, but warning sounded for tsunami research. AusGeo News 75, 4-7.
    75
     6\bibitem{BC:FESA} Burbidge, D. and Cummins, P. (2005) Preliminary Tsuanmi
     7Hazard Assesment of Western Australia. Report
     8to the Fire and Emergency Services Authority of Western Australia.
     9
    810\bibitem{VT:MOST} Titov, V.V., and F.I. Gonzalez (1997)
    911Implementation and testing of the Method of Splitting
    1012Tsunami (MOST) model, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-112.
    1113
    12 \bibitem{somerville:urs} Somerville, P., Thio, H.K. and Ichinose, G. (2005)
    13 Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis. Report delivered to Geoscience
    14 Australia 2005.
     14%\bibitem{somerville:urs} Somerville, P., Thio, H.K. and Ichinose, G. (2005)
     15%Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis. Report delivered to Geoscience
     16%Australia 2005.
    1517
    1618\bibitem{matsuyama:1999}
    … …  
    1921Sisano Lagoon, Papua New Guinea.
    2022Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 23, 3513-3516.
    21 
    22 \bibitem{BC:FESA} Burbidge, D. and Cummins, P. (2005) Preliminary Tsuanmi
    23 Hazard Assesment of Western Australia. Report
    24 to the Fire and Emergency Services Authority of Western Australia.
    2523
    2624\bibitem{ON:modsim} Nielsen, O., Roberts, Gray, D., McPherson, A. and
    … …  
    4947
    5048\end{thebibliography}
    51 
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