Changeset 7521
- Timestamp:
- Sep 22, 2009, 2:57:56 PM (14 years ago)
- Location:
- anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008
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anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/acknowledgements.tex
r7508 r7521 5 5 like to thank Niran Chaimanee from the CCOP for providing 6 6 the post 2004 tsunami survey data, building footprints, satellite image 7 and the elevation data for Patong city ,Prapasri Asawakun7 and the elevation data for Patong city; Prapasri Asawakun 8 8 from the Suranaree University of Technology and Parida Kuneepong for 9 supporting this work ,Drew Whitehouse from the Australian National9 supporting this work; Drew Whitehouse from the Australian National 10 10 University for preparing the animation of the simulated impact; and 11 11 Rick von Feldt for locating the Novotel from the video footage and -
anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/conclusion.tex
r7499 r7521 16 16 An associated aim of this paper was to further validate the 17 17 \textsc{ursga--anuga} tsunami modelling methodology employed by Geoscience 18 Australia which is used to simulate t he tsunami inundation.18 Australia which is used to simulate tsunami inundation. 19 19 This study shows that the tsunami modelling methodology adopted is credible 20 20 and able to predict detailed inundation extents and dynamics with reasonable accuracy. 21 21 Model predictions matched well a detailed inundation survey 22 of Patong Bay, Thailand as well as altimetry data from the \textsc{jason} ,22 of Patong Bay, Thailand as well as altimetry data from the \textsc{jason} satellite, 23 23 eye-witness accounts of wave front arrival times and onshore flow speeds. 24 24 -
anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/data.tex
r7499 r7521 124 124 125 125 The sub-sampling of larger grids was performed by using \textsc{resample}, 126 a Generic Mapping Tools (\textsc{GMT}) program (\cite{wessel98}).126 a Generic Mapping Tools (\textsc{GMT}) program \cite{wessel98}. 127 127 128 128 … … 161 161 contour lines) and a tsunami inundation survey map from the 162 162 Coordinating Committee Co-ordinating Committee for Geoscience 163 Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) (\cite{szczucinski06})163 Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) \cite{szczucinski06} 164 164 was obtained to validate model inundation. See also acknowledgements 165 165 at the end of this paper. In this section we also present eye-witness … … 168 168 169 169 \subsubsection{Topography Data} 170 A 1 170 A 1~second grid comprising the onshore topography and the nearshore 171 171 bathymetry for Patong Beach was created from the Thai Navy charts 172 (described in Section \ref{sec:bathymetry data}) and from 1 m and 10 m 173 elevation contours provided by the CCOP (see Section 174 \ref{sec:inundation data} for details). The 1 second terrain model 172 (described in Section \ref{sec:bathymetry data}) and from 1~m and 10~m 173 elevation contours provided by the CCOP. The 1~second terrain model 175 174 for the and community as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:patong_bathymetry}. 176 175 177 Two 1/3 176 Two 1/3~second grids were created: One for the saddle point covering 178 177 Merlin and Tri Trang Beaches and one for Patong City and its immediate 179 shore area. These grids were based on the same data used for the 1180 second data grid. The Patong city grid was further modified based on178 shore area. These grids were based on the same data used for 179 the 1~second data grid. The Patong city grid was further modified based on 181 180 satellite imagery to include the river and lakes towards the south of 182 181 Patong City which were not part of the provided elevation data. 183 The depth of the river and lake system was set uniformly to a depth of 1 182 The depth of the river and lake system was set uniformly to a depth of 1~m. 184 183 185 184 … … 189 188 \end{center} 190 189 191 \caption{3D visualisation of the elevation data set used for the nearshore propagation and andinundation in Patong Bay showing190 \caption{3D visualisation of the elevation data set used for the nearshore propagation and inundation in Patong Bay showing 192 191 digitised data points and contours as well as rivers and roads 193 192 draped over the data model.} … … 235 234 report that many people at Patong Beach observed an initial 236 235 retreat (trough or draw down) of 237 the shoreline of more than 100 236 the shoreline of more than 100~m followed a few minutes later by a 238 237 strong wave (crest). Another less powerful wave arrived another five 239 238 or ten minutes later. Eyewitness statements place the arrival time of 240 the first wave between 9:55 am and 10:05 am local time or about 2hours239 the first wave between 9:55~am and 10:05~am local time or about 2~hours 241 240 after the source rupture. 242 241 -
anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/introduction.tex
r7480 r7521 63 63 64 64 Currently, the extent of tsunami-related field data is limited. The 65 cost of tsunami monitoring programs, bathymetry and topography surveys 65 cost of tsunami monitoring programs as well as 66 bathymetry and topography surveys 66 67 prohibits the collection of data in many of the regions in which 67 tsunamis pose greatest threat. The resulting lack of data has limited68 tsunamis pose the greatest threat. The resulting lack of data has limited 68 69 the number of field data sets available to validate tsunami 69 70 models. -
anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/method.tex
r7501 r7521 71 71 taken from the slip model G-M9.15 of Chlieh 72 72 et al~\cite{chlieh07}. This model was created by inversion of wide 73 range of geodetic and seismic data. The slip model consists of 68674 20 km x 20km subsegments each with a different slip, strike and dip75 angle. The dip subfaults go from $17.5^ 0$ in the north and $12^0$ in73 range of geodetic and seismic data. The slip model consists 74 of 686~20~km~x~20~km subsegments each with a different slip, strike and dip 75 angle. The dip subfaults go from $17.5^\circ$ in the north and $12^\circ$ in 76 76 the south. Refer to Chlieh et al~\cite{chlieh07} for a detailed 77 77 discussion of this model and its derivation. %Note that the geodetic -
anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/paper.tex
r7499 r7521 18 18 19 19 %-------authors----------- 20 \author{J.~D. Jakeman \and O. Nielsen \and K. Van Putten20 \author{J.~D. Jakeman \and O. Nielsen \and K. Van Putten 21 21 \and R. Mleczko \and D. Burbidge \and N. Horspool} 22 22 \authorrunning{Jakeman et alia} … … 28 28 \email{john.jakeman@anu.edu.au} 29 29 \and 30 O. Nielsen \and R. Mleczko \and D. Burbidge \and K. Van Putten \and N. Horspool \at30 O. Nielsen \and R. Mleczko \and D. Burbidge \and K. Van Putten \and N. Horspool \at 31 31 Geoscience Australia, Canberra, \textsc{Australia} 32 32 } -
anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/results.tex
r7500 r7521 41 41 \begin{figure}[ht] 42 42 \begin{center} 43 \includegraphics[width=0. 8\textwidth,keepaspectratio=true]{figures/surface_deformation.jpg}43 \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth,keepaspectratio=true]{figures/surface_deformation.jpg} 44 44 \end{center} 45 45 46 46 \caption{Location and magnitude of the vertical component of the sea 47 47 floor displacement associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 48 based on the slip model, G-M9.15. The black arrows which point up 48 based on the slip model, G-M9.15 compared with observed deformation 49 (arrows). The black arrows which point up 49 50 show areas observed to uplift during and immediately after the 50 51 earthquake; those pointing down are locations which subsided. The … … 67 68 \textsc{ursga} and was propagated throughout the Bay of Bengal. The 68 69 rectangular computational domain of the largest grid extended from 69 90$^ 0$ to 100$^0$ East and 0 to 15$^0$ North and contained70 90$^\circ$ to 100$^\circ$ East and $0^\circ$ to 15$^\circ$ North and contained 70 71 1335$\times$1996 finite difference points. Inside this grid, a nested 71 72 sequence of grids was used. The grid resolution of the nested grids … … 87 88 \textsc{ursga}-predicted sea surface elevation with the \textsc{jason} 88 89 satellite altimetry data. The \textsc{ursga} model replicates the 89 amplitude and timing of the the wave observed at $2.5^ 0$ South,90 amplitude and timing of the the wave observed at $2.5^\circ$ South, 90 91 but underestimates the amplitude of the wave further to the south at 91 $4^ 0$ South. In the model, the southern most of these two waves92 $4^\circ$ South. In the model, the southern most of these two waves 92 93 appears only as a small bump in the cross section of the model (shown 93 94 in Figure~\ref{fig:jasonComparison}) instead of being a distinct peak … … 95 96 that the \textsc{ursga} model prediction of the ocean surface 96 97 elevation becomes out of phase with the \textsc{jason} 97 data at $3^ 0$ to $7^0$ North98 data at $3^\circ$ to $7^\circ$ North 98 99 latitude. Chlieh et al~\cite{chlieh07} also observed these misfits and 99 100 suggest it is caused by a reflected wave from the Aceh Peninsula that … … 116 117 117 118 After propagating the tsunami in the open ocean using \textsc{ursga}, 118 the approximated ocean and surface elevation and hori sontal flow119 the approximated ocean and surface elevation and horizontal flow 119 120 velocities were extracted and used to construct a boundary condition 120 121 for the \textsc{anuga} model. The interface between the \textsc{ursga} … … 129 130 efficiently increase the simulation accuracy for the impact area. 130 131 The grid resolution ranged between a 131 maximum triangle area of $1\times 10^5$ 132 (corresponding to approximately 440 132 maximum triangle area of $1\times 10^5$~m$^2$ 133 (corresponding to approximately 440~m between mesh points) 133 134 near the western ocean 134 boundary to $20$ m$^2$ (corresponding to 135 boundary (roughly following the 100~m depth contour) 136 to $20$~m$^2$ (corresponding to 135 137 approximately 6 m between mesh points) 136 138 in the small regions surrounding the inundation … … 166 168 boundary condition, effectively replicating the time dependent wave 167 169 height present just inside the computational domain. 168 The velocity field on these boundaries was set169 to zero . Other choices include applying the mean tide value as a170 The velocity field on these boundaries was kept at 171 to zero during the simulation. Other choices include applying the mean tide value as a 170 172 Dirichlet boundary condition. But experiments as well as the 171 173 result of the verification reported here showed that this approach … … 197 199 domain was deemed inundated if at some point in time it was covered by 198 200 at least 1 cm of water. The precision of the inundation boundary 199 generated by the on-site survey is most likely less than th atas it201 generated by the on-site survey is most likely less than this as it 200 202 was determined by observing water marks and other signs 201 203 left by the receding waters. Consequently, the measurement error along … … 256 258 257 259 Discrepancies between the survey data and the modelled inundation 258 include: unknown distribution of surface roughness, inappropriate 260 include arise from errors and uncertainties in both the field surveys and the models. 261 The former include measurement errors in the GPS survey recordings and 262 missing data in the field survey data itself. 263 The latter include 264 unknown distribution of surface roughness, uncertainties in the 259 265 parameterisation of the source model, discretisation errors, 260 266 effect of humans structures on 261 flow, as well as uncertainties in the elevation data, friction, effects of 262 erosion and deposition by the tsunami event, 263 measurement errors in the GPS survey recordings, and 264 missing data in the field survey data itself. The impact of some of 265 these sources of uncertainties are is investigated in 267 flow, as well as uncertainties in the elevation data including effects of 268 erosion and deposition by the tsunami event. 269 The impacts of some of the model uncertainties are is investigated in 266 270 Section~\ref{sec:sensitivity}. 267 271 … … 345 349 & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\mbox{Depth [m]}} 346 350 & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\mbox{Flow [m/s]}} \\ 347 & \mbox{Observed} & \mbox{Modelled }348 & \mbox{Observed} & \mbox{Modelled } \\ \cline{2-5}349 \mbox{North} & 1.5-2 & 1.4 & 5-7 & 0.1 -3.3 \\350 \mbox{South} & 1.5-2 & 1.5 & 0.5-2 & 0.2 -2.6 \\ \hline351 & \mbox{Observed} & \mbox{Modelled (peak)} 352 & \mbox{Observed} & \mbox{Modelled (peak)} \\ \cline{2-5} 353 \mbox{North} & 1.5-2 & 1.4 & 5-7 & 3.3 \\ 354 \mbox{South} & 1.5-2 & 1.5 & 0.5-2 & 2.6 \\ \hline 351 355 \end{array} 352 356 \] -
anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/tsunami07.bib
r7482 r7521 81 81 @article{zoppou99, 82 82 AUTHOR = {Zoppou, C. and Roberts, S.G }, 83 TITLE = "{Catastrophic collapse of water supply reserv iours in urban areas}",83 TITLE = "{Catastrophic collapse of water supply reservoirs in urban areas}", 84 84 YEAR = {1999}, 85 85 JOURNAL = {Journal of Hydraulic Engineering}, … … 932 932 933 933 934 % Note Capitalisation is as in the paper 934 935 @article{satake95, 935 936 title="{Linear and nonlinear computations of the 1992 {N}icaragua earthquake tsunami}", … … 1067 1068 title = "{New, improved version of Generic Mapping Tools released}", 1068 1069 journal = {EOS trans. AGU}, 1069 year = {199 1070 year = {1998}, 1070 1071 OPTvolume = {79}, 1071 1072 OPTpages = {579}, … … 1132 1133 1133 1134 @ARTICLE{weiss06, 1134 AUTHOR = {Weiss, R. and wunnemann, K. and Bahlburg, H.},1135 TITLE = "{Numerical Modelling of Generation, Propagation and Runup of Tsunamis Caused by Ocean Impacts: Model Strate fy and Techical Solutions}",1135 AUTHOR = {Weiss, R. and Wunnemann, K. and Bahlburg, H.}, 1136 TITLE = "{Numerical Modelling of Generation, Propagation and Runup of Tsunamis Caused by Ocean Impacts: Model Strategy and Techical Solutions}", 1136 1137 JOURNAL = {Geohpys. J. Int.}, 1137 1138 YEAR = {2006}, … … 1148 1149 pages = "29--37", 1149 1150 year = "2009", 1150 note = "Tsunamis in Asia",1151 1151 issn = "1367-9120", 1152 1152 doi = "DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.11.003", 1153 1153 url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VHG-4V35475-1/2/91dface8aa1777e5d8bcd15d8ce95a55", 1154 1154 author = "Romano, M. and Liong, S.-Y. and Vu, M.T. and Zemskyy, V. and Doan, C.D. and Dao, M.H. and Tkalich, P."} 1155 %note = "Tsunamis in Asia", 1156 1155 1157 1156 1158 @article{liu09,
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