Changeset 7521


Ignore:
Timestamp:
Sep 22, 2009, 2:57:56 PM (14 years ago)
Author:
ole
Message:

Addressed review comments from Leharne Fountain (and a few of my own)

Location:
anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008
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8 edited

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  • anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/acknowledgements.tex

    r7508 r7521  
    55like to thank Niran Chaimanee from the CCOP for providing
    66the post 2004 tsunami survey data, building footprints, satellite image
    7 and the elevation data for Patong city, Prapasri Asawakun
     7and the elevation data for Patong city; Prapasri Asawakun
    88from the Suranaree University of Technology and Parida Kuneepong for
    9 supporting this work, Drew Whitehouse from the Australian National
     9supporting this work; Drew Whitehouse from the Australian National
    1010University for preparing the animation of the simulated impact; and
    1111Rick von Feldt for locating the Novotel from the video footage and
  • anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/conclusion.tex

    r7499 r7521  
    1616 An associated aim of this paper was to further validate the
    1717\textsc{ursga--anuga} tsunami modelling methodology employed by Geoscience
    18 Australia which is used to simulate the tsunami inundation.
     18Australia which is used to simulate tsunami inundation.
    1919This study shows that the tsunami modelling methodology adopted is credible
    2020and able to predict detailed inundation extents and dynamics with reasonable accuracy.
    2121Model predictions matched well a detailed inundation survey
    22 of Patong Bay, Thailand as well as altimetry data from the \textsc{jason},
     22of Patong Bay, Thailand as well as altimetry data from the \textsc{jason} satellite,
    2323eye-witness accounts of wave front arrival times and onshore flow speeds.
    2424
  • anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/data.tex

    r7499 r7521  
    124124
    125125The sub-sampling of larger grids was performed by using \textsc{resample},
    126 a Generic Mapping Tools (\textsc{GMT}) program (\cite{wessel98}).
     126a Generic Mapping Tools (\textsc{GMT}) program \cite{wessel98}.
    127127
    128128
     
    161161contour lines) and a tsunami inundation survey map from the
    162162Coordinating Committee Co-ordinating Committee for Geoscience
    163 Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) (\cite{szczucinski06})
     163Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) \cite{szczucinski06}
    164164was obtained to validate model inundation. See also acknowledgements
    165165at the end of this paper. In this section we also present eye-witness
     
    168168
    169169\subsubsection{Topography Data}
    170 A 1 second grid comprising the onshore topography and the nearshore
     170A 1~second grid comprising the onshore topography and the nearshore
    171171bathymetry for Patong Beach was created from the Thai Navy charts
    172 (described in Section \ref{sec:bathymetry data}) and from 1 m and 10 m
    173 elevation contours provided by the CCOP (see Section
    174 \ref{sec:inundation data} for details). The 1 second terrain model
     172(described in Section \ref{sec:bathymetry data}) and from 1~m and 10~m
     173elevation contours provided by the CCOP. The 1~second terrain model
    175174for the and community as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:patong_bathymetry}.
    176175
    177 Two 1/3 second grids were created: One for the saddle point covering
     176Two 1/3~second grids were created: One for the saddle point covering
    178177Merlin and Tri Trang Beaches and one for Patong City and its immediate
    179 shore area.  These grids were based on the same data used for the 1
    180 second data grid.  The Patong city grid was further modified based on
     178shore area.  These grids were based on the same data used for
     179the 1~second data grid.  The Patong city grid was further modified based on
    181180satellite imagery to include the river and lakes towards the south of
    182181Patong City which were not part of the provided elevation data. 
    183 The depth of the river and lake system was set uniformly to a depth of 1 m.
     182The depth of the river and lake system was set uniformly to a depth of 1~m.
    184183
    185184
     
    189188\end{center}
    190189
    191 \caption{3D visualisation of the elevation data set used for the nearshore propagation and and inundation in Patong Bay showing
     190\caption{3D visualisation of the elevation data set used for the nearshore propagation and inundation in Patong Bay showing
    192191digitised data points and contours as well as rivers and roads
    193192draped over the data model.}
     
    235234report that many people at Patong Beach observed an initial
    236235retreat (trough or draw down) of
    237 the shoreline of more than 100 m followed a few minutes later by a
     236the shoreline of more than 100~m followed a few minutes later by a
    238237strong wave (crest). Another less powerful wave arrived another five
    239238or ten minutes later. Eyewitness statements place the arrival time of
    240 the first wave between 9:55 am and 10:05 am local time or about 2 hours
     239the first wave between 9:55~am and 10:05~am local time or about 2~hours
    241240after the source rupture.
    242241
  • anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/introduction.tex

    r7480 r7521  
    6363
    6464Currently, the extent of tsunami-related field data is limited. The
    65 cost of tsunami monitoring programs, bathymetry and topography surveys
     65cost of tsunami monitoring programs as well as
     66bathymetry and topography surveys
    6667prohibits the collection of data in many of the regions in which
    67 tsunamis pose greatest threat. The resulting lack of data has limited
     68tsunamis pose the greatest threat. The resulting lack of data has limited
    6869the number of field data sets available to validate tsunami
    6970models.
  • anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/method.tex

    r7501 r7521  
    7171taken from the slip model G-M9.15 of Chlieh
    7272et al~\cite{chlieh07}. This model was created by inversion of wide
    73 range of geodetic and seismic data. The slip model consists of 686
    74 20 km x 20 km subsegments each with a different slip, strike and dip
    75 angle. The dip subfaults go from $17.5^0$ in the north and $12^0$ in
     73range of geodetic and seismic data. The slip model consists
     74of 686~20~km~x~20~km subsegments each with a different slip, strike and dip
     75angle. The dip subfaults go from $17.5^\circ$ in the north and $12^\circ$ in
    7676the south. Refer to Chlieh et al~\cite{chlieh07} for a detailed
    7777discussion of this model and its derivation. %Note that the geodetic
  • anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/paper.tex

    r7499 r7521  
    1818
    1919%-------authors-----------
    20 \author{J.~D. Jakeman \and O. Nielsen \and K. VanPutten
     20\author{J.~D. Jakeman \and O. Nielsen \and K. Van Putten
    2121\and R. Mleczko \and D. Burbidge \and N. Horspool}
    2222\authorrunning{Jakeman et alia}
     
    2828        \email{john.jakeman@anu.edu.au}
    2929        \and
    30         O. Nielsen \and R. Mleczko \and D. Burbidge \and K. VanPutten \and N. Horspool \at
     30        O. Nielsen \and R. Mleczko \and D. Burbidge \and K. Van Putten \and N. Horspool \at
    3131        Geoscience Australia, Canberra, \textsc{Australia}
    3232}
  • anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/results.tex

    r7500 r7521  
    4141\begin{figure}[ht]
    4242\begin{center}
    43 \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth,keepaspectratio=true]{figures/surface_deformation.jpg}
     43\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth,keepaspectratio=true]{figures/surface_deformation.jpg}
    4444\end{center}
    4545
    4646\caption{Location and magnitude of the vertical component of the sea
    4747  floor displacement associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
    48   based on the slip model, G-M9.15. The black arrows which point up
     48  based on the slip model, G-M9.15 compared with observed deformation
     49  (arrows). The black arrows which point up
    4950  show areas observed to uplift during and immediately after the
    5051  earthquake; those pointing down are locations which subsided. The
     
    6768\textsc{ursga} and was propagated throughout the Bay of Bengal. The
    6869rectangular computational domain of the largest grid extended from
    69 90$^0$ to 100$^0$ East and 0 to 15$^0$ North and contained
     7090$^\circ$ to 100$^\circ$ East and $0^\circ$ to 15$^\circ$ North and contained
    70711335$\times$1996 finite difference points. Inside this grid, a nested
    7172sequence of grids was used. The grid resolution of the nested grids
     
    8788\textsc{ursga}-predicted sea surface elevation with the \textsc{jason}
    8889satellite altimetry data. The \textsc{ursga} model replicates the
    89 amplitude and timing of the the wave observed at $2.5^0$ South,
     90amplitude and timing of the the wave observed at $2.5^\circ$ South,
    9091but underestimates the amplitude of the wave further to the south at
    91 $4^0$ South. In the model, the southern most of these two waves
     92$4^\circ$ South. In the model, the southern most of these two waves
    9293appears only as a small bump in the cross section of the model (shown
    9394in Figure~\ref{fig:jasonComparison}) instead of being a distinct peak
     
    9596that the \textsc{ursga} model prediction of the ocean surface
    9697elevation becomes out of phase with the \textsc{jason}
    97 data at $3^0$ to $7^0$ North
     98data at $3^\circ$ to $7^\circ$ North
    9899latitude. Chlieh et al~\cite{chlieh07} also observed these misfits and
    99100suggest it is caused by a reflected wave from the Aceh Peninsula that
     
    116117
    117118After propagating the tsunami in the open ocean using \textsc{ursga},
    118 the approximated ocean and surface elevation and horisontal flow
     119the approximated ocean and surface elevation and horizontal flow
    119120velocities were extracted and used to construct a boundary condition
    120121for the \textsc{anuga} model. The interface between the \textsc{ursga}
     
    129130efficiently increase the simulation accuracy for the impact area.
    130131The grid resolution ranged between a
    131 maximum triangle area of $1\times 10^5$ m$^2$
    132 (corresponding to approximately 440 m between mesh points)
     132maximum triangle area of $1\times 10^5$~m$^2$
     133(corresponding to approximately 440~m between mesh points)
    133134near the western ocean
    134 boundary to $20$ m$^2$ (corresponding to
     135boundary (roughly following the 100~m depth contour)
     136to $20$~m$^2$ (corresponding to
    135137approximately 6 m between mesh points)
    136138in the small regions surrounding the inundation
     
    166168boundary condition, effectively replicating the time dependent wave
    167169height present just inside the computational domain.
    168 The velocity field on these boundaries was set
    169 to zero. Other choices include applying the mean tide value as a
     170The velocity field on these boundaries was kept at
     171to zero during the simulation. Other choices include applying the mean tide value as a
    170172Dirichlet boundary condition. But experiments as well as the
    171173result of the verification reported here showed that this approach
     
    197199domain was deemed inundated if at some point in time it was covered by
    198200at least 1 cm of water. The precision of the inundation boundary
    199 generated by the on-site survey is most likely less than that as it
     201generated by the on-site survey is most likely less than this as it
    200202was determined by observing water marks and other signs
    201203left by the receding waters. Consequently, the measurement error along
     
    256258
    257259Discrepancies between the survey data and the modelled inundation
    258 include: unknown distribution of surface roughness, inappropriate
     260include arise from errors and uncertainties in both the field surveys and the models.
     261The former include measurement errors in the GPS survey recordings and
     262missing data in the field survey data itself.
     263The latter include
     264unknown distribution of surface roughness, uncertainties in the
    259265parameterisation of the source model, discretisation errors,
    260266effect of humans structures on
    261 flow, as well as uncertainties in the elevation data, friction, effects of
    262 erosion and deposition by the tsunami event,
    263 measurement errors in the GPS survey recordings, and
    264 missing data in the field survey data itself. The impact of some of
    265 these sources of uncertainties are is investigated in
     267flow, as well as uncertainties in the elevation data including effects of
     268erosion and deposition by the tsunami event.
     269The impacts of some of the model uncertainties are is investigated in
    266270Section~\ref{sec:sensitivity}.
    267271
     
    345349                 & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\mbox{Depth [m]}}
    346350                 & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\mbox{Flow [m/s]}} \\
    347                  & \mbox{Observed} & \mbox{Modelled}
    348                  & \mbox{Observed} & \mbox{Modelled} \\ \cline{2-5}                 
    349     \mbox{North} & 1.5-2 & 1.4 & 5-7 & 0.1 - 3.3 \\
    350     \mbox{South} & 1.5-2 & 1.5 & 0.5-2 & 0.2 - 2.6 \\ \hline
     351                 & \mbox{Observed} & \mbox{Modelled (peak)}
     352                 & \mbox{Observed} & \mbox{Modelled (peak)} \\ \cline{2-5}                 
     353    \mbox{North} & 1.5-2 & 1.4 & 5-7 & 3.3 \\
     354    \mbox{South} & 1.5-2 & 1.5 & 0.5-2 & 2.6 \\ \hline
    351355  \end{array}
    352356\]
  • anuga_work/publications/boxing_day_validation_2008/tsunami07.bib

    r7482 r7521  
    8181@article{zoppou99,
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    11321133
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     1135AUTHOR = {Weiss, R. and Wunnemann, K. and Bahlburg, H.},
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    11481149pages = "29--37",
    11491150year = "2009",
    1150 note = "Tsunamis in Asia",
    11511151issn = "1367-9120",
    11521152doi = "DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.11.003",
    11531153url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VHG-4V35475-1/2/91dface8aa1777e5d8bcd15d8ce95a55",
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     1155%note = "Tsunamis in Asia",
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