PK*U8Dd$$refs.MYDT7+Okal, E. A. Borrero, J. C. Synolakis, C. E.2006CEvaluation of tsunami risk from regional earthquakes at Pisco, Peru 1634-16480Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America9651960 CHILEAN EARTHQUAKE; HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES; SUBDUCTION ZONE; GREAT EARTHQUAKES; ALASKA EARTHQUAKE; SCALING RELATIONS; SOUTH-AMERICA; FIELD SURVEY; SIZE; MECHANISMArticleOctWe evaluate tsunami risk for the port city of Pisco, Peru, where major liquefied natural gas facilities are planned. We use a compilation of instrumental and historical seismicity data to quantify the sources of six earthquakes that generated tsunamis resulting in minor inundation (1974) to catastrophic destruction (1687, 1746, 1868) in Pisco. For each of these case scenarios, the seismic models are validated through hydrodynamic simulations using the MOST code, which compute both flow depth on virtual offshore gauges located in Pisco harbor and the distribution of runup in the port and along the nearby beach. Space-time histories of major earthquakes along central and southern Peru are used to estimate recurrence times of tsunamigenic earthquakes. We conclude that Pisco can expect a metric tsunami, capable of inflicting substantial damage every similar to 53 years, and a dekametric tsunami resulting in catastrophic destruction of infrastructures every similar to 140 years. The last such event occurred 138 years ago. An important result of our study is that total destruction of the city of Pisco during the famous 1868 Arica tsunami requires an earthquake rupture straddling the Nazca Ridge, which thus constitutes at best an imperfect "barrier" for the propagation of rupture during megathrust events. This gives a truly gigantic size to the 1868 Arica earthquake, with a probable seismic moment reaching 10(30) dyne cm. 0037-1106Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer.Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60201 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Civil Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Tech Univ Crete, Dept Environm Engn, GR-73100 Khania, Greece. Okal, EA, Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60201 USA.English87Birknes, J. Pedersen, G.2006<A particle finite element method applied to long wave run-up237-2615International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids523moving boundaries; particle methods; finite element method; alpha shapes; triangulation; run-up; shallow water equations; dam break SHALLOW-WATER EQUATIONS; SOLITARY WAVES; SURF ZONE; NUMERICAL-MODEL; CIRCULAR ISLAND; BREAKING WAVES; SLOPING BEACH; BOUNDARY; DYNAMICS; FLUIDArticleSepThis paper presents a Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element formulation for solving fluid dynamics problems with moving boundaries and employs the method to long wave run-up. The method is based on a set of Lagrangian particles which serve as moving nodes for the finite element mesh. Nodes at the moving shoreline are identified by the alpha shape concept which utilizes the distance from neighbouring nodes in different directions. An efficient triangulation technique is then used for the mesh generation at each time step. In order to validate the numerical method the code has been compared with analytical solutions and a preexisting finite difference model. The main focus of our investigation is to assess the numerical method through simulations of three-dimensional dam break and long wave run-up on curved beaches. Particularly the method is put to test for cases where different shoreline segments connect and produce a computational domain surrounding dry regions. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 0271-2091Int. J. Numer. Methods FluidsUniv Oslo, Dept Math, Mech Div, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway. Det Norske Veritas, Hovik, Norway. Pedersen, G, Univ Oslo, Dept Math, Mech Div, Box 1053,Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway. jornb@math.uio.no geirkp@math.uio.noQ7Synolakis, C. E. Bernard, E. N.20061Tsunami science before and beyond Boxing Day 2004 2231-2265`Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society a-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences3641845tsunamis; tsunameter; tsunami forecasting; hydrodynamics; run-up; inundation NEW-GUINEA TSUNAMI; RUN-UP; SLOPING BEACH; SOLITARY WAVES; CIRCULAR ISLAND; LONG WAVES; EARTHQUAKES; GENERATION; EVOLUTION; BOREArticleAugTsunami science has evolved differently from research on other extreme natural hazards, primarily because of the unavailability until recently of instrumental recordings of tsunamis in the open ocean. Here, the progress towards developing tsunami inundation modelling tools for use in inundation forecasting is discussed historically from the perspective of hydrodynamics. The state-of-knowledge before the 26 December 2004 tsunami is described. Remaining aspects for future research are identified. One, validated inundation models need to be further developed through benchmark testing and instrumental tsunameter measurements and standards for operational codes need to be established. Two, a methodology is needed to better quantify short-duration impact forces on structures. Three, the mapping of vulnerable continental margins to identify unrecognized hazards must proceed expeditiously, along with palaeotsunami research to establish repeat intervals. Four, the development of better coupling between deforming seafloor motions and model initialization needs further refinement. Five, in an era of global citizenship, more comprehensive educational efforts on tsunami hazard mitigation are necessary worldwide. 1364-503X.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.!Tech Univ Crete, Coastal Engn & Nat Hazards Lab, Chanea 73100, Greece. Univ So Calif, Viterbi Sch Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Synolakis, CE, Tech Univ Crete, Coastal Engn & Nat Hazards Lab, Chanea 73100, Greece. costas@usc.eduEnglishAl7Valiani, A. Begnudelli, L.2006DDivergence form for bed slope source term in shallow water equations652-665%Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-Asce1327APPROXIMATE RIEMANN SOLVERS; FINITE-VOLUME METHOD; HYPERBOLIC CONSERVATION-LAWS; CIRCULAR ISLAND; FLUX GRADIENTS; UPWIND SCHEMES; MODEL; CHANNELS; FLOWS; RUNUPArticleJulA novel technique is presented for the treatment of the bed slope source terms within the numerical solution of the shallow water equations. The proposed method consists of writing the bed slope source term as the divergence of a proper matrix, related to the static force due to bottom slope. Such a technique is founded on analytical reasoning and is physically based, so that it can be easily applied to a wide range of numerical models, as it is completely independent of any adopted discretization technique, and requires a minimum computational effort. Herein, we show an application to a Godunov-type model, second order accurate both in space and time, based on the finite-volume method. The presented technique leads to a strong improvement in the source terms numerical treatment, especially for steady states, in which flux gradients are exactly balanced by source terms. A surprising degree of simplicity is maintained, with respect to different existing methods. The numerical model has been applied to a set of classical test cases and to a selected laboratory experiment, in order to verify its stability, accuracy, and applicability to practical real-world cases. 0733-9429J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCEUniv Ferrara, Dept Engn, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. Valiani, A, Univ Ferrara, Dept Engn, Via G Saragat 1, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy. alessandro.valiani@unife.it lorenzo.begnudelli@unife.it7lKench, P. S. McLean, R. F. Brander, R. W. Nichol, S. L. Smithers, S. G. Ford, M. R. Parnell, K. E. Aslam, M.2006lGeological effects of tsunami on mid-ocean atoll islands: The Maldives before and after the Sumatran tsunami177-180Geology343dtsunami; Indian Ocean; atoll islands; carbonate sediments TROPICAL CYCLONE; DEPOSITS; FUNAFUTI; REEFArticleMarLow-lying coral islands are fragile landforms susceptible to long-term sea-level rise and extreme events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis. The Sumatran earthquake of 26 December 2004 generated waves that reached the Maldives 2500 km away. Observations of the effects of the tsunami are presented here, based on pre- and post-tsunami topographic and planform surveys of 13 uninhabited Maldivian islands. The surveys showed there was no substantial island erosion and no significant reduction in island area. Rather, the tsunami accentuated predictable seasonal oscillations in shoreline change, including localized retreat of exposed island scarps by up to 6 in, deposition of cuspate spits to leeward, and vertical island building through overwash deposition of sand sheets up to 0.3 m thick, covering up to 17% of island area. These results have implications for island stability indicating that low-lying reef islands are physically robust and the geological signature of tsunamis on atoll island development is minor. 0091-7613GeologyUniv Auckland, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Auckland, New Zealand. Univ New S Wales, Sch Phys Environm & Math Sci, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia. Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Canberra, ACT 2052, Australia. James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Environm Studies & Geog, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Minist Environm & Construct, Male, Maldives. Kench, PS, Univ Auckland, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. p.kench@auckland.ac.nzEnglish7 Wei, Y. Mao, X. Z. Cheung, K. F.20065Well-balanced finite-volume model for long-wave runup114-124;Journal of Waterway Port Coastal and Ocean Engineering-Asce1322zSHALLOW-WATER EQUATIONS; SOURCE TERMS; SOLITARY WAVES; NUMERICAL-MODEL; CIRCULAR ISLAND; NON-BREAKING; NONBREAKING; SCHEMEArticleMar-AprFThis paper presents a two-dimensional, well-balanced finite-volume model for runup of long waves under nonbreaking and breaking conditions. The model uses a conservative form of the nonlinear shallow-water equations with source terms and an explicit Godunov-type scheme along with the exact Riemann solver for the flux and moving waterline. A second-order scheme splits the two-dimensional problem into two sequential one-dimensional problems for time integration. The surface-gradient method leads to a well-balanced formulation of the flux and source terms and a piecewise linear interpolation reconstructs numerical data at cell interfaces to achieve second-order accuracy in space. This provides accurate descriptions of the conserved variables and small flow-depth perturbations near the moving waterline. The computed surface elevation, flow velocity, and runup show very good agreement with previous asymptotic and analytical solutions as well as laboratory data. The model accurately describes breaking waves as bores or hydraulic jumps and conserves volume across flow discontinuities. 0733-950X&J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng.-ASCEUniv Hawaii Manoa, Dept Ocean & Resources Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Tsing Hua Univ, Grad Sch, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China. Cheung, KF, Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Ocean & Resources Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. cheung@hawaii.edu?L$7 Chen, X. J.2004A Cartesian method for fitting the bathymetry and tracking the dynamic position of the shoreline in a three-dimensional, hydrodynamic model749-768 Journal of Computational Physics2002tracking shoreline; fitting bathymetry; fitting boundary; hybrid grid cells; LESS3D; bi-linear interpolation; flux-based finite difference equations CIRCULAR ISLAND; OCEAN MODEL; TOPOGRAPHY; FLOWS; CELLS; RUNUPArticleNov6This paper presents a Cartesian method for the simultaneous fitting of the bathymetry and shorelines in a three-dimensional, hydrodynamic,model for free-surface flows. The model, named LESS3D (Lake & Estuarine Simulation System in Three Dimensions), solves flux-based finite difference equations in the Cartesian-coordinate system (x, y, z). It uses a bilinear bottom to fit the bottom topography and keeps track the dynamic position of the shoreline. The resulting computational cells are hybrid: interior cells are regular Cartesian grid cells with six rectangular faces, and boundary/ bottom cells (at least one face is the water-solid interface) are unstructured cells whose faces are generally not rectangular. With the bilinear interpolation, the shape of a boundary/bottom cell can be determined at each time step. This allows the Cartesian coordinate model to accurately track the dynamic position of the shorelines. The method was tested with a laboratory experiment of a Tsunami runup case on a circular island. It was also tested for an estuary in Florida, USA. Both model applications demonstrated that the Cartesian method is quite robust. Because the present method does not require any coordinate transformation, it can be an attractive alternative to curvilinear grid model. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 0021-9991J. Comput. Phys.SW Florida Water Management Dist, Resource Conservat & Dev Dept, Tampa, FL 33637 USA. Chen, XJ, SW Florida Water Management Dist, Resource Conservat & Dev Dept, 7601 Highway 301 N, Tampa, FL 33637 USA. xinjian.chen@swfwmd.state.fl.us17Mvan den Bergh, G. D. Boer, W. de Haas, H. van Weering, T. C. E. van Wijhe, R.2003mShallow marine tsunami deposits in Teluk Banten (NW Java, Indonesia), generated by the 1883 Krakatau eruption13-34Marine Geology1971-4Holocene; Krakatau; Tsunami; tephra; sediments; recent sedimentation; Pb-210 dating; Indonesia; NW Java SEA-LEVEL; SEDIMENTATION; EARTHQUAKE; SCOTLAND; FACIES; ISLANDArticleJunDTeluk Banten (TB) is a tropical shallow marine embayment with coral reef islands, close to the Krakatau volcanic complex. The 1883 Krakatau eruption generated a tsunami, which had a devastating effect on the neighboring coastal areas. The effects of the 1883 Krakatau eruption and the associated tsunami on the bottom sediments in TB are assessed using textural, compositional and Pb-210 geochronological data. An important diagnostic criterion consists of the occurrence of tephra conform descriptions of the 1883 eruption tephra. The tsunamite consists of a sandy layer with abundant reworked shell and other carbonate fragments. Coarse components in the tsunamite consist of locally derived material eroded from the seabed. Land-derived components are incorporated in the tsunamite only in close proximity to the coast. The tsunamite is thickest in localized areas of the central part of the bay. Along the northern open sea-facing slope of TB, the tsunamite is relatively thin ( < 7 cm thick) but well-preserved, as little post-depositional modifications have occurred. In the eastern bay area, recent erosion since the redirection of the Ciujung River in the 1920s has removed the Krakatau tsunamite. Along the west coast of TB, the only signature of the 1883 Krakatau eruption consists of tephra, and evidence for a high-energy event is lacking. Presumably, the western area was sheltered from the tsunami wave coming from the northwest. At the shallower stations with low accumulation rates, the tephra has been thoroughly mixed by bioturbation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 0025-3227 Mar. Geol.Royal Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NIOZ, Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. Grontmij BV, Nieuwegein, Netherlands. van den Bergh, GD, Royal Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NIOZ, POB 59, Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.English7 Hubbard, M. E. Dodd, N.20023A 2D numerical model of wave run-up and overtopping1-26Coastal Engineering471run-up; overtopping; shallow water; numerical models; coastal protection; adaptive mesh refinement SHALLOW-WATER EQUATIONS; CIRCULAR ISLAND; SCHEMES; TSUNAMI; SLOPES; FLOWArticleNovA two-dimensional (2D) numerical model of wave run-up and overtopping is presented. The model (called OTT-2D) is based on the 2D nonlinear shallow water (NLSW) equations on a sloping bed, including bed shear stress. These equations are solved using an upwind finite volume technique and a hierarchical Cartesian Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) algorithm. The 2D nature of the model means that it can be used to simulate wave transformation, run-up, overtopping and regeneration by obliquely incident and multi-directional waves over alongshore-inhomogeneous sea walls and complex, submerged or surface-piercing features. The numerical technique used includes accurate shock modeling, and uses no special shoreline-tracking algorithm or shoreline coordinate transformation, which means that noncontiguous flows and multiple shorelines can easily be simulated. The adaptivity of the model ensures that only those parts of the flow that require higher resolution (such as the region of the moving shoreline) receive it, resulting in a model with a high level of efficiency. The model is shown to accurately reproduce analytical and benchmark numerical solutions. Existing wave flume and wave basin datasets are used to test the ability of the model to approximate 1D and 2D wave transformation, run-up and overtopping. Finally, we study a 2D dataset of overtopping of random waves at off-normal incidence to investigate overtopping of a sea wall by long-crested waves. The data set is interesting as it has not been studied in detail before and suggests that, in some instances, overtopping at an angle can lead to more flooding than at normal incidence. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. 0378-3839 Coast. Eng.Univ Leeds, Sch Comp, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Univ Nottingham, Sch Civil Engn, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. Hubbard, ME, Univ Leeds, Sch Comp, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.Englishv7 3Okal, E. A. Fryer, G. J. Borrero, J. C. Ruscher, C.2002gThe landslide and local tsunami of 13 September 1999 on Fatu Hiva (Marquesas islands; French Polynesia)359-367+Bulletin De La Societe Geologique De France1734tsunami; landslide; French Polynesia; Marquesas Islands NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; DEBRIS AVALANCHE; LESSER-ANTILLES; FLORES ISLAND; WAVE RUNUP; EARTHQUAKE; MONTSERRAT; IMPACT; DAMAGEArticleOn 13 September 1999, a local tsunami, comprising two waves separated by a few minutes, hit the village of Omoa, on the island of Fatu Hiva, French Polynesia. it inflicted serious damages to structures built close to the seashore, in particular to the local elementary school. The tsunami was generated by the collapse of a basaltic cliff, located 3 km to the southeast of Omoa, along the coastline. The volume of the landslide is estimated to range from 2 to 5 million in 3, of which 60 % fell into the sea. A preliminary simulation of the tsunami provides an acceptable explanation of wave amplitudes, as well as an estimate of the origin time of landslide. 0037-9409Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr.Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60201 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Civil Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Okal, EA, Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60201 USA.English<d7 Bradford, S. F. Sanders, B. F.2002FFinite-volume model for shallow-water flooding of arbitrary topography289-298%Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-Asce1283mshallow water; topography; hydraulic models; floods RUN-UP; CIRCULAR ISLAND; FLOW MODEL; SCHEMES; WAVES; SURFArticleMarA model based on the finite-volume method is developed for unsteady, two-dimensional, shallow-water flow over arbitrary topography with moving lateral boundaries caused by flooding or recession. The model uses Roe's approximate Riemann solver to compute fluxes, while the monotone upstream scheme for conservation laws and predictor-corrector time stepping are used to provide a second-order accurate solution that is free from spurious oscillations. A robust, novel procedure is presented to efficiently and accurately simulate the movement of a wet/dry boundary without diffusing it. In addition, a new technique is introduced to prevent numerical truncation errors due to the pressure and bed slope terms from artificially accelerating quiescent water over an arbitrary bed. Model predictions compare favorably with analytical solutions, experimental data, and other numerical solutions for one- and two-dimensional problems. 0733-9429J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCEUSN, Res Lab, Image Sci & Applicat Branch, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Bradford, SF, USN, Res Lab, Image Sci & Applicat Branch, Washington, DC 20375 USA.Q7 Kovalyov, M.20027A note on the persistence of leading N-waves of tsunami1-10 Quarterly of Applied Mathematics601gKORTEWEG-DEVRIES EQUATION; DE-VRIES EQUATION; SHORE SINGULARITY; CIRCULAR ISLAND; BEACHES; RUNUP; MODELArticleMarWe consider a new class of N-wave solutions for the KdV with the property that they periodically transform themselves from leading depression N-waves to leading elevation N-waves and back. We consider them as a possible model for the tsunami waves. 0033-569XQ. Appl. Math.rUniv Alberta, Dept Math Sci, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Kovalyov, M, Univ Alberta, Dept Math Sci, Edmonton, AB, Canada.English7 Sanders, B. F. Bradford, S. F.2002IHigh-resolution, monotone solution of the adjoint shallow-water equations139-1615International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids382shallow-water model; adjoint equation method; parameter identification; finite volume method CONTAMINANT RELEASES; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; CIRCULAR ISLAND; MODEL; SCHEMES; RUNUP; ASSIMILATION; SYSTEMS; RIVERS; FLOWArticleJan/A monotone, second-order accurate numerical scheme is presented for solving the differential form of the adjoint shallow-water equations in generalized two-dimensional coordinates. Fluctuation-splitting is utilized to achieve a high-resolution solution of the equations in primitive form. One-step and two-step schemes are presented and shown to achieve solutions of similarly high accuracy in one dimension. However, the two-step method is shown to yield more accurate solutions to problems in which unsteady wave speeds are present. In two dimensions, the two-step scheme is tested in the context of two parameter identification problems, and it is shown to accurately transmit the information needed to identify unknown forcing parameters based on measurements of the system response. The first problem involves the identification of an upstream flood hydrograph based on downstream depth measurements. The second problem involves the identification of a long wave state in the far-field based on near-field depth measurements. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 0271-2091Int. J. Numer. Methods FluidsUniv Calif Irvine, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Sanders, BF, Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.English47$Fujima, K. Briggs, M. J. Yuliadi, D.2000KRunup of tsunamis with transient wave profiles incident on a conical island175-195Coastal Engineering Journal422aconical island; trapping; tsunami runup; wave refraction; transient wave analysis CIRCULAR ISLANDArticleJunBased on the linear long wave theory, analytical solutions are obtained for the propagation of tsunamis with an arbitrary incident wave profile around a conical island. The validity of the theory is verified through comparisons with two laboratory datasets. Effects of incident wave profile on the distribution of runup height and on the maximum runup height along the coastline of an island are discussed on the basis of this theory. 0578-5634 Coast Eng. J.*Natl Def Acad, Dept Civil Engn, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2398686, Japan. USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Coastal & Hydraul Lab, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Indonesian Naval Hydrooceanog Serv, Jakarta, Indonesia. Fujima, K, Natl Def Acad, Dept Civil Engn, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2398686, Japan.English7Kanoglu, U. Synolakis, C. E.19980Long wave runup on piecewise linear topographies1-28Journal of Fluid Mechanics374TSUNAMIArticleNovWe study long-wave evolution and runup on piecewise linear one- and two-dimensional bathymetries analytically and experimentally with the objective of understanding certain coastal effects of tidal waves. We develop a general solution method for determining the amplification factor of different ocean topographies consisting of linearly varying and constant-depth segments to study how spectral distributions evolve over bathymetry, and apply our results to study the evolution of solitary waves. We find asymptotic results which suggest that solitary waves often interact with piecewise linear topographies in a counter-intuitive manner. We compare our analytical predictions with numerical results, with results from a new set of laboratory experiments from a physical model of Revere Beach, and also with the data on wave runup around an idealized conical island. We find good agreement between our theory and the laboratory results for the time histories of free-surface elevations and for the maximum runup heights. Our results suggest that, at least for simple piecewise linear topographies, analytical methods can be used to calculate effectively some important physical parameters in long-wave runup. Also, by underscoring the effects of the topographic slope at the shoreline, this analysis qualitatively suggests why sometimes predictions of field-applicable numerical models differ substantially from observations of tsunami runup. 0022-1120J. Fluid Mech.Univ So Calif, Sch Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Kanoglu, U, Appl Sci Lab Inc, 2211 S Hacienda Blvd,Suite 205, Hacienda Hts, CA 91745 USA.EnglishK 7Titov, V. V. Synolakis, C. E.1998&Numerical modeling of tidal wave runup157-171;Journal of Waterway Port Coastal and Ocean Engineering-Asce1244NANSEI-OKI EARTHQUAKE; SOLITARY WAVES; CIRCULAR ISLAND; PLANE BEACHES; ROUGH SLOPES; FIELD SURVEY; TSUNAMI; BREAKING; NONBREAKING; REFLECTIONArticleJul-AugA numerical solution for the 2 + 1 (long-shore and onshore propagation directions and time) nonlinear shallow-water wave equations, without friction factors or artificial viscosity is presented. The models use a splitting method to generate two 1 + 1 propagation problems, one in the onshore and the other in longshore direction. Both are solved in characteristic form using the method of characteristics. A shoreline algorithm is implemented, which is the generalization of the earlier 1 + 1 algorithm used in the code VTCS-2. The model is validated using large-scale laboratory data from solitary wave experiments attacking a conical island. The method is applied then to model the 1993 Okushiri, Japan, the 1994 Kuril Island, Russia, and the 1996 Chimbote, Peru tsunamis. It is found that the model can reproduce correctly overland flow and even extreme events such as the 30-m runup and the 20-m/s inundation velocities inferred during field surveys. The results suggest that bathymetric and topographic resolution of at least 150 m is necessary for adequate predictions, while at least 50 m resolution is needed to model extreme events, contrary to intuitive expectations that long waves would not interact with morphological features of such short scales. 0733-950X&J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng.-ASCENOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Civil Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Titov, VV, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.O 7Piatanesi, A. Tinti, S.1998_Finite-element numerical simulation of tsunamis generated by earthquakes near a circular island609-6200Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America88281992 NICARAGUA EARTHQUAKE; FIELD SURVEY; HOKKAIDO; RUNUPArticleAprA numerical model for the propagation of tsunamis generated by earthquakes is applied to study the impact of the water waves against the coast of a circular island. The hydraulic source is modeled by means of the static deformation of the seafloor produced by an offshore seismic fault. The initial sea-surface disturbance is assumed to equal the seabed displacement that is computed analytically through the classical dislocation theory of plane faults with uniform slip. The wave propagation is described by means of the shallow-water approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations and is computed in a radially symmetric domain for which a quasi-analytical solution is available. The governing equations are solved numerically by means of a finite-element (FE) method making use of the Galerkin procedure, the mesh consisting of triangular elements of variable size. After a preliminary test of the numerical model against the analytical results, several simulations are performed by varying the fault location, dimension, and dip as well as by varying the radial profiles of the basin bathymetry. Most attention is devoted to studying the amplification of tsunami waves impacting the island coast. What is seen is that, depending on the source characteristics (namely, fault length, dip, strike, and distance from the island) and on the basin bathymetry, high amplifications tin the range 1 to 5) are normally obtained not only in the front of the island as is expected but also on the lee side of the island, because of positive interference of waves traveling around the island in both directions. Under particular conditions (downwardly concave bathymetry), the largest amplifications are found neither on the front side nor on the lee side, but at intermediate places along the island coast. 0037-1106Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer.Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Fis, Settore Geofis, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. Piatanesi, A, Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Fis, Settore Geofis, Viale Carlo Berti Pichat 8, I-40127 Bologna, Italy.English7Titov, V. V. Synolakis, C. E.1997?Extreme inundation flows during the Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki tsunami 1315-1318Geophysical Research Letters24119RUN-UP; EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI; CIRCULAR ISLAND; FIELD SURVEYArticleJun]The tsunami generated by the July 12, 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki M-w = 7.8 earthquake produced in Japan the worst local tsunami-related death toll in fifty years, with estimated 10-18m/sec overland flow velocities and 30m runup. These extreme values are the largest recorded in Japan this century and are among the highest ever documented for non-landslide generated tsunamis. We model this event to confirm the estimated overland flow velocities, and we find that, given reasonable ground deformation data, current state-of-the-art shallow-water wave models can predict tsunami inundation correctly including extreme runup, current velocities and overland flow. We find that even small local topographic structures affect the runup to first-order, and that the resolution of the bathymetric data is more important than the grid resolution. Our results qualitatively suggest that for this event-coastal inundation is more correlated with inundation velocities than with inundation heights, explaining also why threshold-type modeling has substantially underpredicted coastal inundation for this and other recent events. 0094-8276Geophys. Res. Lett.xUNIV SO CALIF,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089. Titov, VV, NOAA,PACIFIC MARINE ENVIRONM LAB,7600 SAND POINT WAY NE,SEATTLE,WA 98115.English7/Minoura, K. Imamura, F. Takahashi, T. Shuto, N.1997`Sequence of sedimentation processes caused by the 1992 Flores tsunami: Evidence from Babi Island523-526Geology256EARTHQUAKE; DAMAGEArticleJunSedimentation processes caused by a modern tsunami have been discussed from the point of view of geologic and numerical investigations of the 1992 Flores tsunami in Indonesia. Geologic evidence on Babi Island shows an invasion of two waves of different direction and magnitude, which resulted in widespread deposition of marine sand on the north and south-southwest shores. On the latter, coarse and well-sorted carbonate sand containing molluscan shells suggests that much more destructive waves swept across the southern coast, as compared with the northern coast, where the deposit included medium carbonate sand with a silty component. A physical explanation for such destructive waves on the southern coast of Babi is provided by a numerical simulation of the tsunami generation and propagation. The geologic and numerical results indicate that an isolated island surrounded by a circular shoreline or reef edge will be subject to the most destructive waves on the coast on the hack side of the island relative to the tsunami source. 0091-7613GeologyTOHOKU UNIV,FAC ENGN,DISASTER CONTROL RES CTR,SENDAI,MIYAGI 98077,JAPAN. Minoura, K, TOHOKU UNIV,FAC SCI,INST GEOL & PALAEONTOL,SENDAI,MIYAGI 980,JAPAN.Englishc7GImamura, F. Synolakis, C. E. Gica, E. Titov, V. Listanco, E. Lee, H. J.1995<FIELD SURVEY OF THE 1994 MINDORO ISLAND, PHILIPPINES TSUNAMI875-890Pure and Applied Geophysics1443-4aEARTHQUAKE; TSUNAMI; RUNUP; MINDORO ISLAND; PHILIPPINES; LATERAL STRIKE SLIP; HELD SURVEY; N WAVEArticleAugThis is a report of the field survey of the November 15, 1994 Mindoro Island, Philippines, tsunami generated by an earthquake (M = 7.0) with a strike-slip motion. We will report runup heights from 54 locations on Luzon, Mindoro and other smaller islands in the Cape Verde passage between Mindoro and Luzon. Most of the damage was concentrated along the northern coast of Mindoro. Runup height distribution ranged 3-4 m at the most severely damaged areas and 2-4 in neighboring areas. The tsunami-affected area was limited to within 10 km of the epicenter. The largest recorded runup value of 7.3 m was measured on the southwestern coast of Baco Island while a runup of 6.1 m was detected on its northern coastline. The earthquake and tsunami killed 62 people, injured 248 and destroyed 800 houses. As observed in other recent tsunami disasters, most of the casualties were children. Nearly all eyewitnesses interviewed described the first wave as a leading-depression wave. Eyewitnesses reported that the main direction of tsunami propagation was SW in Subaang Bay, SE in Wawa and Calapan, NE on Baco Island and N on Verde Island, suggesting that the tsunami source area was in the southern Pass of Verde Island and that the wave propagated rapidly in ail directions. The fault plane extended offshore to the N of Mindoro Island with its rupture originating S of Verde Island and propagating almost directly south to the inland of Mindoro, thereby accounting for the relatively limited damage area observed on the N of Mindoro. 0033-4553Pure Appl. Geophys.UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089. PHILIPPINE INST VOLCANOL & SEISMOL,MANILA,PHILIPPINES. TOHOKU UNIV,DISASTER CONTROL RES CTR,SENDAI,MIYAGI,JAPAN. IMAMURA, F, ASIAN INST TECHNOL,SCH CIVIL ENGN,GPO BOX 2754,BANGKOK 10501,THAILAND.English [internal-pdf://Titov and Synolakis 1998-3692736263/Titov and Synolakis 1998.pdfEnglish bUinternal-pdf://Valiani and Begnudelli 2006-3004888839/Valiani and Begnudelli 2006.pdfEnglish Kinternal-pdf://Wei and Mao 2006-1964718087/Wei and Mao 2006.pdfEnglish=internal-pdf://Chen 2004-1478193415/Chen 2004.pdfEnglish]internal-pdf://Bradford and Sanders 2002-1981525255/Bradford and Sanders 2002.pdfEnglish]internal-pdf://Birknes and Pedersen 2006-0354148103/Birknes and Pedersen 2006.pdfEnglishPK\N8I/**refs.FRM 0B< !// !HPRIMARYyearIndex 6ByP/) idreference_type text_stylesauthoryear title pages secondary_title volume numbernumber_of_volumessecondary_authorplace_published publishersubsidiary_authoredition keywords type_of_workdate2)  abstractlabelurltertiary_titletertiary_author notes isbn custom_1 custom_2 custom_3 custom_4alternate_titleaccession_number call_number short_title custom_5 custom_6sectionoriginal_publicationH) reprint_editionreviewed_itemauthor_addressimagecaption custom_7 electronic_resource_number link_to_pdf translated_author translated_titlename_of_databasedatabase_providerresearch_notes language access_datelast_modified_date !! H!H!H! (H! 3H! >H! IH! TH!_H!jH!uH! H!H!H! H! H!H! H!H!H!H!H! H! H! H! H! %H! 0H!;H!FH! QH! \H! gH! rH!}H!H!H!H!H!H!H! H! H! H! H! H!H! H!H! "H! -H!8H!idreference_typetext_stylesauthoryeartitlepagessecondary_titlevolumenumbernumber_of_volumessecondary_authorplace_publishedpublishersubsidiary_authoreditionkeywordstype_of_workdateabstractlabelurltertiary_titletertiary_authornotesisbncustom_1custom_2custom_3custom_4alternate_titleaccession_numbercall_numbershort_titlecustom_5custom_6sectionoriginal_publicationreprint_editionreviewed_itemauthor_addressimagecaptioncustom_7electronic_resource_numberlink_to_pdftranslated_authortranslated_titlename_of_databasedatabase_providerresearch_noteslanguageaccess_datelast_modified_datePK*U8Dd$$refs.MYDPK\N8I/**Jrefs.FRMPKlH